The evolution of two or more species that equally affect each other is termed coevolution. The evolutionary change in plant morphology may affect the morphology of other species such as birds and bees. Coevolution is likely to happen when dissimilar species interact with another species for ecological relationship. The hummingbird is a common example of coevolution, as it acts as the pollinator for the plant. In turn, the plant provides the necessary nutrient needed for the bird. Flowering plants possess some special characteristics like colors and flower shape accommodation. A flowering plant changes its flower’s corolla tube in such a way to adapt to the shape and length of the hummingbird, which in turn helps the plant in the pollination process.
Flowering Plants and Animal Pollinators:
This coevolution involves the relationship between flowering plants and respective birds and insects that pollinate them. The flowering plants and pollinators adapt to attract their pollinators such as insects and birds, which in turn adapt to collect the nectar and pollen from the plant species. The flowering plants contain three traits to attract pollinators and they are as follows:
Flowering plants possess bright colors, stripes, and a specific pattern to attract the pollinator. For example, flowering plants possess a blue color to attract insect pollinators while orange and red are designed to attract birds.
The scent is used as a sensor by the flowering plants to navigate the insect pollinators to land on the exact plant for the process of nectar extraction.
Some flowering plants possess chemical substances to simulate the female insect species to attract the male species. The plant species named orchids secrete some chemical that is similar to that of pheromones of bees. Thus, when the male insect lands on the flower, the pollen gets attached to it and is then transferred. Predator-Prey: It is considered to be the most common example of coevolution. There will be selective pressure on the prey to avoid being captured by predators. Thus, a predator needs to evolve to become more effective to hunt its prey. In this way, the predator-prey coevolution is similar to the evolutionary race in the development of specific adaptations, particularly in prey species.
Herbivore Species and Plants:
It is similar to that of a predator-prey relationship, which is another example of coevolution between the herbivore and the plants they consume. The red squirrel and crossbills eat lodge-pole pine seeds in various regions of the Rocky Mountains. Both herbivores possess different techniques to open lodge-pole pinecone seeds. The squirrel will easily gnaw over the pinecone, while the crossbills have special mandibles for seed extraction. Therefore, in the regions where the red squirrels are more dominant, the lodge-pole pine cones are thicker containing little seeds, and possess thinner scales to prevent the red squirrels from gaining the seeds. However, in the regions where crossbills are more dominant, the lodge-pole pine cones are lighter containing thick scales. Thus, this prevents the crossbills from obtaining the seeds. Therefore, the lodge-pole pine is mutually coevolving with these herbivore species.
Acacia Ants and Acacias:
Acacia is a plant species and the ants present on it are referred to as Acacia’s ants. In this example of coevolution, both the plant and animal get mutual benefits and are coevolved to have a symbiotic relationship in which the acacia ants protect the plant by safeguarding them from potentially harmful insects as well as from other plants that compete for sunlight and nutrient. In turn, the acacia plant provides essential nutrients and shelter for ants and their developing larvae.
Yucca Moths and Yucca Plants: Yucca flowers possess a certain shape that only tiny moths can pollinate in it. The moths lay their eggs inside the yucca flowers, and their larvae (caterpillar) start growing and eat yucca seeds for their development.
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