In the field of biology sexual orientations are being called homosexual, heterosexual and bisexual. But in behavioral science it is named androphilia and gynephilia. Unlike biology, behavioral science does not attribute someone’s sexual attraction in terms of sexual and gender identity. The best part of describing someone’s sexual attraction with these terms is its non-offensive nature. Androphilia is the alternative for homosexual, whereas gynephilia is the alternative for heterosexual. The biological terminology always creates confusion since it focuses on the sexual identity. For example, defining a trans man’s (assigned as female at birth later self identified as male) sexual orientation is confusing. A trans man is more likely to be sexually attracted to women, so labeling his sexual orientation in terms of homosexual or heterosexual is still considered unclear.
Causes of homosexuality:
The causes of homosexuality are best explained by biological factors and environmental factors. The major biological causes are,
Genetic factors: multiple studies including twin studies have undergone to find the influence of genetic factors in developing sexual orientation. A few studies have discarded the possibility of genetic factors being the reason for developing sexual orientation, whereas some studies have found genes on chromosome Xq28 and chromosome 8 in the pericentromeric region are playing an important role in this.
Hormones: Fetal hormonal exposure is likely to influence the sexual orientation, which later in the adult emerges. This gender differentiation is processed by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (androgen hormones). The androgens is secreted by the newly formed testicles in the fetus, this leads to the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus.
Birth order: According to a wide body of study, the likelihood of a male growing up to be gay increases with each older brother he has from the same mother. Researchers attributed the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect to a prenatal biological mechanism – specifically, a maternal immune response to male foetuses – since it only happens in men who have older biological brothers.
Environmental factors: Any factors other than genetic factors are being considered as environmental factors in the field of genetics. There is no convincing proof that early childhood experiences, upbringing, sexual assault, or other stressful life events affect sexual orientation human beings
Genetics and sexual orientation:
Sexual practices that substantially decrease the likelihood of heterosexual sex also reduce the probability of producing offspring, but for this explanation, they may appear to be disordered in an ecological community, on the premise that homosexuals would lower this rate, following the usual Charles Darwin paradigm (competition among individuals) of biological evolution. Some researchers have indicated that homosexuality, a proposed illustration of biological evolution, is implicitly evolutionary, by providing heterosexual sibling or their offspring a selective advantage in a quasi way. To contribute to sexual preference, several genes were identified. Experts claim that the concepts of science and the world are misinterpreted by many citizens. Hypotheses about the impact on the sexual preference of the post-natal external interaction are weak, notably for males. Although there is an overwhelming non-social climate that is non-genetic but also genetic, this would be sure to benefit influence sexual preference, such as embryonic development. Few years back a study was conducted in Australia on a sample size of approximately half million people. During the study, the collected genetic samples were subjected to genome-wide association study for finding the association between genetic variants and homosexual behavior. The findings of the study revealed that same sex behavior is not impacted by one particular gene; rather it is influenced by multiple genes. The study also identified the presence of genetic variations in five different chromosomal areas on people who had same sex relationship. However, the probability of genetic factors to be a reason for developing homosexual behavior is just 8-25 percentages, and remaining percentage of probability is not depended on genetic factors.
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